AP PSYCHOLOGY Review (Units 4-5)

LEARNING _ means thinking about thinking. Subconsciousness Metacognition Hypnosis After swimming in a cool pool for a few minutes, the water stops feeling cool. This is an example of: Habituation Sensitization Sensory Adaptation A friend sneaks up on you and yells, "Boo!" You jump at the sound. They do it again two minutes later and you don't jump. This is an example of: Sensory Adaptation Habituation Sensitization Read these paragraphs about associative learning. Fill in the blanks with the correct terms from the word bank. In the study of behaviorism, some psychologists focus on learning through associations. Associations develop through a process called conditioning. This is when associations are made between environmental stimuli and behavioral responses.One form of associative learning is called classical conditioning. In this form of learning, a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus when it begins to elicit a response. This happens when it becomes associated with a stimulus that already produces that response. In other words, an individual learns that one event predicts another.Classical conditioning is sometimes called Pavlovian conditioning. Ivan Pavlov studied this type of learning by conditioning dogs to associate the sound of a bell with the presence of food. In this experiment, the food is the unconditioned stimulus because it already produces the response of salivating without conditioning. The bell is the conditioned stimulus, because it begins to produce a behavioral response. The salivation is at first an unconditioned response, which turns into a conditioned response once the dog begins to form the association. In the end, the dog learns that the bell predicts the arrival of food and begins salivating. In classical conditioning, the _ should be presented first. NS US Classical Conditioning Terminology Match the term to its correct definition Extinction CR is weakened when the CS is repeated without the US Spontaneous recovery Previously extinguished CR reemerges after the presentation of the CS Generalization Stimuli that are similar to the CS produce the CR. Think Little Albert and the fur coat, rabbit, dog, etc. Discrimination Learning to distinguish between similar stimuli Classical Conditioning Practice When you visit your Grandma's apartment, she sets the thermostat so high it makes you sweat every time. The last time you visited her, you started to perspire as soon as you saw her house. Use the scenario above to identify the classical conditioning elements. Unconditioned stimulus Hot temperature Unconditioned response Sweating Conditioned stimulus House Conditioned response Sweating from seeing the house Ivan Pavlov is to classical conditioning as _ is to operant conditioning. Wilhelm Wundt Elizabeth Loftus B.F. Skinner Albert Bandura Operant Conditioning Label the image below with the correct words from the word bank.Word Bank:positive reinforcementnegative reinforcementnegative punishmentpositive punishment negative punishment positive reinforcement positive punishment negative reinforcement Reinforcers Behavior Food is considered a primary reinforcer because wanting it is not learned. This was used in the Skinner box when rats were shaped by rewarding their behavioral successive approximations. Money, in contrast, is a secondary reinforcer because we have to learn its value. Doing something for the pure enjoyment is intrinsic motivation. Doing something for a reward is extrinsic motivation. When a behavior is given too much extrinsicreward, intrinsic motivation decreases. This is called overjustification effect. Operant Conditioning Terminology Practice Match each example of operant conditioning with the correct terminology. Drinking and getting a "buzz" Positive Reinforcement Drinking and getting a temporary escape from stress Negative Reinforcement Drinking and getting kicked out Negative Punishment Drinking and getting a hangover sick Positive Punishment Schedules of Reinforcement Label the image below with the correct words from the word bank.Word Bank:IntervalFixedVariableRatio Interval Ratio Variable Fixed Schedules of Reinforcement Graph Label the image below with the correct words from the word bank.Word Bank:Fixed RatioVariable IntervalContinuous ReinforcementVariable RatioFixed Interval Variable Ratio Fixed Ratio Variable Interval Fixed Interval Continuous Reinforcement Schedules of Reinforcement Examples Match each example with the correct schedule of reinforcement. Fixed-ratio Free coffee after buying 10 Fixed-interval Getting a paycheck every 2 weeks Variable-ratio Buying lottery tickets Variable-interval Pop quizzes To study observational learning, Albert Bandura conducted his famous _ experiment. Bobo Doll Little Albert Pigeon Box Cognition Writing an FRQ is an example of using _ . Recall Reinforcement Recognition A multiple choice question (such as this one) requires one to use: Reinforcement Recall Recognition Rehabituation Memory Terminology Match the term to its definition Short-term memory Brief storage of 7 + items Working memory Newer term for STM, emphasizes memory is an active process. Long-Term Memory Limitless capacity Rehearsal Repeating information over and over Elaboration Connecting new info to info already stored in memory Sensory Memory Very brief, split-second "holding tank" of sensory information Iconic Memory Brief visual memory Echoic Memory Brief auditory memory Which of the following is NOTa type of Long-Term Memory? Episodic memories Semantic memories Procedural memories Iconic memories Information Processing Model Label the diagram with the correct words from the word bank below.Word Bank:EncodingSTMSensory MemoryRetrievalLTM Sensory Memory Encoding STM Retrieval LTM Sort each example into either implicit or explicit memory. Implicit Memory Riding a bike Singing a familiar song Brushing your teeth Typing on a keyboard Fear of dogs after an attack Explicit Memory Your bff's birthday The Pythagorean Theorem Your teachers' names Your parent's phone number Who the first President of the U.S. was The part of the brain most associated with memory storage is the: amygdala hippocampus cerebellum basal ganglia More memory terms... Match each term with its correct description. Prospective memory Remembering to do something in the future. Deep processing Creates a stronger memory trace due to semantic processing Shallow processing Creates weak memory trace due to basic visual or acoustic processing Proactive interference Old info disrupts new memory formation Retroactive interference New information disrupts old memories Serial Position Effect Remembering the first (primacy) and last (recency) items of a list. Mood congruent memory Remembering happy memories when you are in a good mood. Anterograde amnesia Inability to make new memories Source amnesia Recalling an event from a movie as if it's one of your own memories A _ is a framework used to organize information. Heuristic Ego Schema prototype While in your math class, Mr. Tillerson teaches you a new formula for solving a problem. This is an example of: a heuristic an algorithm trial and error insight When you vote for someone based on their party affiliation, you are using: a heuristic an algorithm trial and error insight _ is what we know without knowing how we know it. trial and error insight intuition metacognition Our tendency to search only for information that supports our preconceptions and ignore contradictory evidence is known as confirmation bias hindsight bias fixation functional fixedness Sort each example or description into the appropriate category. Representativeness Heuristic Form of stereotyping Judging likelihood of something based on how it matches a prototype Steve is shy and withdrawn - he must be a librarian Availability Heuristic Estimating the likelihood on something based on how readily instances come to mind Seeing headlines about listeria in food, afraid to buy salads Grew up watching Shark Week, more afraid of sharks than dogs Clinging to our initial conceptions even after they are discredited is known as: self-serving bias belief perseverance overconfidence framing In the word "chat", the ch-, a-,and t-sounds are examples of: morphemes phonemes Lucy is two years old and has started speaking in short phrases like "Daddy fall" or "Mommy silly". She is exhibiting: babbling object permanence displacement telegraphic speech Which of the following is true, according to Noam Chomsky's language acquisition device? Everyone is born with the capacity to learn language. Children cannot learn language before the age of 12 months. Adults cannot learn new languages. Whorf thought the language one speaks impacts how he thinks. This is called: Language acquisition device Association Linguistic determinism Telegraphic speech INTELLIGENCE Fast, abstract problem solving uses _ intelligence, while a vast knowledge base uses _ intelligence. fluid; crystallized crystallized; fluid Types of tests Place each test in the appropriate type. Achievement SOL AP exam Unit test Aptitude ACT SAT GRE Intelligence Quotient Fill in the original IQ equation. mental age chronological age Intelligence tests need to be periodically re-normed due to the _. Stroboscopic effect McGurk Effect Flynn Effect Weber effect Modern intelligence measures, like the _ use deviation-IQ (normal distribution) instead of the IQ. WAIS LSAT MCAT Which of the following is NOT one of Sternberg's 3 Intelligences? Interpersonal Practical Analytical Creative Which of the following is NOT one of Gardner's Multiple Intelligences? Interpersonal Linguistic Emotional Kinesthetic Which study? The image above depicts which famous study? Loftus: Reconstructive memory Lorenz: Imprinting Ebbinghaus: Forgetting cruve