AP Psychology: Online Review! (Units 1-3)

Unit 1: Scientific Foundations of Psychology (10-14%) PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES Match the psychological perspective with its main idea. Structuralism Used introspection to determine the underlying structures of the mind. Functionalism Need to analyze the purpose of behavior (its function). Psychoanalysis Behavior and personality is the product of unconscious sexual and aggressive forces. Behaviorism Behavior is the product of learning and associations. Cognitive Behavior is a consequence of internal thoughts. Humans use mental processes to solve problems or develop personality characteristics. Humanistic Behavior is a reflection of internal personal growth, we are not products of our environment, we all have free will. Biological Behavior is a result of the interplay of functions in the nervous system and biology. Sociocultural Behavior is influenced by the rules and expectations of social groups and cultures. The purpose of experimentation is for a researcher to control variables to establish... correlation cause and effect validity reliability Fill in the blanks in this paragraph with the correct research method terminology (below) .population-sample-assigns-experiment-dependent-independent-hypothesizes-hypothesis-replicate-data-control-confounding-bias-double blind-experimental-operationally Mrs. Turner decides to do an experiment on music and concentration. She hypothesizes that playing music during a test will cause students to have lower scores on the test. In this experiment, the independent variable is the music while the dependent variable is test scores. She begins by choosing a random sample of students from the population of her school district. She then randomly assigns students into two groups: the experimental group (which will take their test with music playing) and the control group (which will not hear any music while testing). In order to conduct the experiment, Mrs. Turner must operationally define "music." She does this by choosing to measure "classical music" and selects Mozart as her specific composer to represent "classical music." Some possible confounding variables that might affect the experiment include the volume of the music, the length of the test, and the overall difficulty of the test. To control for bias, Mrs. Turner could have used a double blind procedure to ensure that neither she nor the students were aware of who was in which group. Once she has conducted her study, she finds that her data supports her hypothesis: the students who listened to music while testing scored lower than the students who did not. Like a good researcher, Mrs. Turner publishes her findings so that other scientists may replicate her experiment. _ refers to how well a test measures what it has been designed to measure. Validity Reliability Correlation Causation If a test shows consistent results every time it is given, it is considered _. positively correlated confounding reliable skewed TYPES OF DISTRIBUTIONS Label the image with the correct type of distributions for each graph: normal distribution, positively skewed, negatively skewed Positively skewed Negatively skewed Normal distribution _ identifies the strength of the relationship between two variables. Causation Correlation Experimentation Description Correlation Coefficient According to the guide pictured above, which of the following correlation coefficients shows the strongest correlation between two variables? -0.9 -0.2 1.3 0.85 TYPES OF CORRELATION Label the image with the appropriate types of correlation: no correlation, negative, positive positive negative no correlation RESEARCH METHODS Match the research method to its description. Naturalistic observation observe people in their own setting; can't est. cause-and-effect Case study studies one person (usually) in great detail; lots of info.; no cause-and-effect Correlational study shows relationship between two variables; can predict outcomes; NOT CAUSATION Experiment researcher controls variables; establishes cause-and-effect; difficult to generalize Survey cheap and fast; easy; problem: people sometimes lie Unit 2: Biological Bases of Behavior (8-10%) PARTS OF A NEURON Complete the diagram by labeling the parts of the neuron correctly:dendritessomaaxonnode of Ranviermyelin sheathScwann cellterminal branchesnucleus nucleus dendrites soma axon myelin sheath Schwann cell terminal branches node of Ranvier THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Complete the hierarchy by filling in the missing labels:somaticperipheralsympatheticcentralnervous systemparasympatheticautonomic nervous system peripheral central autonomic somatic sympathetic parasympathetic NEUROTRANSMITTERS NEUROTRANSMITTERS DISORDERS Match the NT with its associated disorders. (Remember: the associated disorders often result from either a lack of or an excess of the corresponding NT) Acetylcholine (ACh) Alzheimer's Disease Dopamine (DA) Parkinson's Disease Schizophrenia Gama-aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Anxiety disorders Huntington's Disease Glutamate (Glu) Memory loss Norepinephrine Bipolar Mood Disorder Serotonin (5-HT) Depression Endorphins Addictions Oxytocin Autism Spectrum Disorder ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Complete the diagram by filling in the missing labels:ovarythymuspancreashypothalamuspituitaryadrenaluterustestesparathyroidthyroidpinealkidney hypothalamus pituitary pineal thyroid parathyroid thymus adrenal kidney pancreas ovary uterus testes Which part of the endocrine system is often called the "master gland," as it controls many other glands? pineal gland adrenal medulla thyroid gland pituitary gland Which of the following is a function of the thyroid gland? Prepares body for action Regulates blood sugar Regulates metabolism Controls the pituitary gland LOBES OF THE BRAIN Complete the diagram by correctly labeling the lobes of the brain:occipitalparietalfrontaltemporal frontal temporal parietal occipital LOBE FUNCTIONS Match the lobes of the brain to their main functions. Frontal lobes abstract thought; planning; decision-making Occipital lobes Visual processing Temporal lobes Auditory processing Parietal lobes Sensory processing; body orientation; spatial perception The bundle of nerves that connects both brain hemispheres is called the... corpus callosum synaptic gap cerebral cortex forebrain Damage to the _ would result in the inability to produce speech. Broca's area Wernicke's area Thalamus Reticular Formation The _ plays an important role in one's emotions, particular fear and aggression. hypothalamus thalamus amygdala medulla UNIT 3: SENSATION PERCEPTION (6-8%) Another name for sensation is... top-down processing bottom-up processing When our body senses something, the term that describes what our brain does with that information is... bottom-up processing sensation perception adaptation VISUAL PERCEPTION Complete the diagram by filling in the missing labels:retinairislenscorneaoptic nervelightpupil lens cornea pupil iris light retina optic nerve ANATOMY OF THE EYE Which of the following places the parts of the eye in the correct order in which light reaches them? cornea, bipolar cells, retina pupil, cornea, ganglion cells cornea, iris, rods iris, retina, cornea lens, optic chiasm, retina Which depth cue lets us know that the fence is closer than the basketball player? Relative size Relative clarity Convergence Retinal disparity ANATOMY OF THE EAR Complete the diagram by filling in the missing labels:inner earmiddle earouter earauditory nervepinnaear drumhammercochleaanvilstirrupsemicircular canalsauditory canal outer ear middle ear inner ear pinna stirrup anvil hammer auditory canal ear drum semicircular canals cochlea auditory nerve