RELATIVE CLAUSES (DEFINING AND NON-DEFINING) 2.F

RELATIVE CLAUSESOdnosne surečenice A relative clause is one kind of dependent clause. It has a subject and verb, but can’t stand alone as a sentence.(Odnosna surečenica je vrsta zavisne rečenice. Ima subjekt i glagol, ali ne može stajati sama. Dodaje se glavnoj rečenici uz njen subjekt ili objekt tj. uz imenicu glavne rečenice.)It is used to give more information about a person or a thing.(Koristi se kako bi proširila imenicu tj. dala više informacija o osobi ili stvari. Dakle, proširuje imenicu uz koju se uvodi.)It is used immediately after the noun, it always begins with a relative pronoun.(Uvodi se odmah iza imenice glavne rečenice te obavezno započinje odnosnom zamjenicom.)There are two types of relative clauses:1) defining relative clauses- give vital information about the noun2) non- defining relative clauses- give extra information about the noun, this information is not essential to the meaning of the main sentencePostoje dvije vrste odnosnih surečenica:1) defining relative clauses (određujuće odnosne surečenice)- donose presudnu informaciju o imenici tj. bez određujuće odnosne surečenice imenica nije pobliže određena2) non- defining relative clauses (neodređujuće odnosne surečenice)- donose suvišnu informaciju o imenici, sama informacija koja je sadržana u neodređujućoj odnosnoj surečenici nije presudna za značenje glavne rečenice tj. imenica je već pobliže određena, a uvodimo dodatne informacijeBoth types of relative clauses are introduced by relative pronouns.Obje vrste odnosnih surečenica uvode se odnosnim zamjenicama.RELATIVE PRONOUNS AND ADVERBS- Odnosne zamjenice i priloziwhokoji peopleza osobecan substitute for subject nouns (he, she, we, they)može zamijeniti imenice i zamjenice u službi subjekta (he, she, we, they)wheregdjewith placesuz mjestacan substitute adverb theremože zamijeniti prilog there pobliže označavajućiwhosečiji people or thingsza osobe ili stvari can substitute for possessive nouns (his, hers, our, their)može zamijeniti posvojne imenice/ zamjenice (njen, naš, njihov)thatkoji people or thingsza osobe ili stvarican be either subject or objectmože zamijeniti i subjekt i objektcan only be used in defining relative clausesmože se koristiti samo u određujućim odnosnim surečenicamawhichkoji thingsza stvarican be either subject or objectmože zamijeniti i subjekt i objekt DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES EXAMPLESPrimjeri određujućih odnosnih surečenica 1) He is the doctor who helped my grandmother.U glavnoj rečenici he is the doctornemamo dovoljno informacija o imenici liječnik (the doctor), da bi je pobliže odredili koristimo odnosnu zamjenicu whokoja označava živo (osobu) te uvodimo odnosnu surečenicu koja pobliže određuje imenicu who helped my grandmother.2) This is the house whichJack built.U glavnoj rečenici this is the house nemamo dovoljno informacija o imenici kuća (the house), da bi je pobliže odredili koristimo odnosnu zamjenicu which koja označava neživo (stvar te uvodimo odnosnu surečenicu koja pobliže određuje imenicu which Jack built.This is the house that Jack built.Budući da je odnosnu zamjenicu that moguće koristiti namjesto zamjenice which u određujućim odnosnim rečenicama, rečenicu je moguće napisati kao u primjeru,3) I met the girl whose sister is in my class.U glavnoj rečenici I met the girlnemamo dovoljno informacija o imenici djevojka (the girl), da bi je pobliže odredili koristimo odnosnu zamjenicu whose koja označava posvojnost te uvodimo odnosnu surečenicu koja pobliže određuje imenicu whosesister is in my class. Primijetite da se odnosna zamjenica whose koja izriče posvojnost koristi između dvije imenice.4) That'sthe building site where my brother works.U glavnoj rečenici that's the building nemamo dovoljno informacija o imenici zgrada (the building), da bi je pobliže odredili kao mjesto koristimo prilog where koji određuje mjesto te uvodimo odnosnu surečenicu koja pobliže određuje imenicu where my brother works.Iz sva četiri primjera vidljivo je da defining relative clauses (određujuće odnosne surečenice)donose presudne informacije o imenici glavne rečenice (subjektu ili objektu) i to tako da je pobliže određuju. Dakle, određuju tj. definiraju imenicu.He is the doctor. (Koji liječnik? Nemamo dovoljno informacija o liječniku pa uvodimo odnosnu surečenicu koja nam liječnika pobliže određuje.) NON - DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES EXAMPLESPrimjeri neodređujućih odnosnih surečenica 1) Steven Spielberg, who directed 'Schindler's List', was born in the USA.Primijetit ćete da rečenica "Steven Spielberg was born in the USA." može stajati samostalno. Informacija "he directed Schindler's List' " suvišna je i nije presudna za sadržaj glavne rečenice koja utvrđuje da je rođen u SAD-u.Budući da subjekt Steven Spielbergoznačava živo (osobu) neodređujuću odnosnu surečenicu uvodimo s who. Budući da neodređujuća odnosna surečenica donosi suvišnu informaciju odvajamo je od glavne rečenice zarezom (,).2) Champagne, whichis produced in France, is a very popular drink.Primijetit ćete da rečenica "Champagne is a very popular drink." može stajati samostalno. Informacija "it is produced in France" suvišna je i nije presudna za sadržaj glavne rečenice koja utvrđuje da je šampanjac jako popularno piće.Budući da subjekt Champagne označava neživo neodređujuću odnosnu surečenicu uvodimo s which. Budući da neodređujuća odnosna surečenica donosi suvišnu informaciju odvajamo je od glavne rečenice zarezom (,).Budući da se neodređujuća rečenica odvaja zarezom, kod njih nije moguće koristiti that namjesto which.3) Jennifer Aniston, whose ex-husband is Brad Pitt,starred in Friends.Primijetit ćete da rečenica "Jennifer Aniston starred in Friends." može stajati samostalno. Informacija "her ex-husband is Brad Pitt" suvišna je i nije presudna za sadržaj glavne rečenice koja utvrđuje da je ona glumila u Prijateljima.Budući da između subjekta Jennifer Aniston i imenice ex-husband postoji posvojnost neodređujuću odnosnu surečenicu uvodimo swhose. Budući da neodređujuća odnosna surečenica donosi suvišnu informaciju odvajamo je od glavne rečenice zarezom (,).4) 10 Downing Street, where the British prime minister lives, is in the center of London.Primijetit ćete da rečenica "10 Downing Street is in the center of London." može stajati samostalno. Informacija "the British prime minister lives there" suvišna je i nije presudna za sadržaj glavne rečenice koja utvrđuje da je ulica u centru Londona.Budući da subjekt 10 Downing Street označava mjesto, neodređujuću odnosnu surečenicu uvodimo s where. Budući da neodređujuća odnosna surečenica donosi suvišnu informaciju odvajamo je od glavne rečenice zarezom (,). SUMMARYSažetak Obje vrste odnosnih surečenica uvode se s odnosnim zamjenicama ili prilogom.Dakle, nužno je da pazite što se nalazi ispred praznine i da u skladu s tim birate odnosnu zamjenicu kojom uvodite odnosnu surečenicu.who - za živowhich - za neživo (i životinje)that - i za živo i za neživo, ali samo u defining relative clauses (određujućim odnosnim surečenicama)whose - za označavanje posvojnosti (čiji?)where - za mjestoI met the man _ lives next to you.- ispred praznine nalazi se the man (živo) te ćemo koristiti whoI met the man wholives next to you.Unskilled work is work _ requires no qualifications.- ispred praznine nalazi se work (neživo) te ćemo koristiti whichUnskilled work is work which requires no qualifications. 1)Complete these defining relative clauses. Use who, which, whose or where.Nadopunite određujuće odnosne surečenice koristeći who, which, whose or where. a) Is this the building site where your uncle works?b) This is the salary which I earn at the moment.c) Are these the dogs which guard the building?d) These are the people whose skills are right for the job.e) Adam was a man who liked to work hard and play hard.f) They’re looking for a resort which has a swimming pool and a spa.g) Is there a shop near here where I can buy a newspaper?h) We need fruit pickers who can work in July and August.i) The company where I work has offices in the city centre.j) Are you the young doctor whose father was a famous surgeon? 2) Complete these defining relative clauses. Use who, which, whose or where.Nadopunite određujuće odnosne surečenice koristeći who, which, whose or where. a) That’s the hotel where my mother used to work as a chef.b) My manager is a person who cares about her employees.c) I don’t want to work in a place where I have to wear a uniform.d) He needs a part-time job which pays well.e) How much do they pay the people who work here part-time?f) We’ve got a friend whose father owns a travel agency.g) I work on a dairy farm which produces milk for the big supermarkets.h) Does everybody who works on the building site wear a hard hat?i) These are the nurses whose job it is to take care of you.j) Is that the customer who rings up every day to complain? 3) Complete these non-defining relative clauses. Use who, which, whose or where.Nadopunite neodređujuće odnosne surečenice koristeći who, which, whose or where. a) They were married for 50 years, which is a very long time!b) My sister, who works for British Airways, is a flight attendant.c) Last summer I went to France, where I worked as a fruit picker.d) Her job, which is busy and stressful, is not very well-paid.e) Julie in my class, whose brother is really good-looking, is very popular at school.f) My parents’ house, where I grew up, is close to Heathrow Airport.g) My daughter’s teacher, whose name is Kevin, thinks there should be more male teachers at the school.h) Michael Jackson, who is world-famous, died in 2009.i) The farm, where they grow strawberries, is just outside London.j) Kingston is the capital of Jamaica, whichis an island in the Caribbean. 4) Complete these non-defining relative clauses. Use who, which, whose or where.Nadopunite neodređujuće odnosne surečenice koristeći who, which, whose or where. a) ‘Acting is great fun,’ says Keira, who has appeared in many popular films.b) My job, which is well paid and rewarding, can also be stressful.c) The village, where his grandparents live, is in the Highlands of Scotland.d) He doesn’t want the job, which involves a lot of travelling, because the salary is too low.e) The people whose CVs looked promising were invited to an interview next week.f) Their mum, who is a doctor, works at the children’s hospital.g) He used to live in Barbados, where he taught biology at the university.h) My mother works for CompuNet, whose owner is one of the richest people in the country.i) The accountant, who works for my uncle, helped us with all the paperwork.j) I worked as a model last year, which was great fun. 5) Complete the sentences with the defining relative clause. Replace the underlined noun, pronoun or adverb with the appropriate relative pronoun or adverb.Koristite drugu rečenicu kao odnosnu surečenicu. Zamijenite podcrtanu imenicu, zamjenicu ili prilog odgovarajućom odnosnom zamjenicom ili prilogom.Example:a) I met a girl _.Her sister is in my class.I met a girl whosesister is in my class.b) She's the manager_.She runs the office.She is the manager who runs the office.c) That's the hotel_.They always stay there.That's the hotel wherethey always stay. a) That's the man whose job is to do paperwork.His job is to do paperwork. b) That's the computer which was very expensive.It was very expensive.c) That's the office where they deal with the public.They deal with the public there.d) That's the job which my sister is applying for.My sister is applying for it.e) That's the girl whose father is my boss.Her father is my boss.f) He is the shop assistant who served me.He served me.g) A laboratory is a place where scientists do experiments.Scientists do experiments there. . 6) Complete the sentences with the non-defining relative clause. Replace the underlined noun, pronoun or adverb with the appropriate relative pronoun or adverb.Koristite drugu rečenicu kao odnosnu surečenicu. Zamijenite podcrtanu imenicu, zamjenicu ili prilog odgovarajućom odnosnom zamjenicom ili prilogom.Example:a) The man, _, is Tom's cousin.Helives next door.The man, who lives next door, is Tom's cousin.b) The head office of my dad's company is in Oslo, _.Oslo is in Norway.The head office of my dad's company is in Oslo, which is in Norway. a) Crete, which is a Greek island, is popular with British tourists.It is a Greek island.b) The actress Gwyneth Paltrow, who is married to the lead singer of Coldplay, also sings country music.She is married to the lead singer of Coldplayc) Daniel Craig, who is the sixth James Bond, is afraid of flying.He is the sixth James Bondd) Dakar, where the famous motor rally ends, is the capital of Senegal.Where the famous motor rally ends there.e) Robert Pattinson, whose films include Harry Potter and the Twilight series, was born in London.His films include Harry Potter and the Twilight series.f) Halloween, which is celebrated in October, is a popular UK festival.It is celebrated in October. 7) Complete the text with who, which, where or whose.Nadopunite tekst odgovoarajućom zamjenicom koja se nudi klikom na prazninu. The flight attendant who(1) served us on the plane is a cousin of mine. She works for an airline company which(2) operates between London and New York. She lives in a flat which(3) she shares with two friends who(4) I have never met. The one whose(5) room I usually stay in is often away. The bed which(6) I sleep in is always comfortable! My cousin has got a boyfriend whose(7) job is very well – paid. I can’t remember the name of the company where (8) he works, but I’d quite like to work there myself. 8) Complete the text with who, which, where or whose.Nadopunite tekst odgovoarajućom zamjenicom koja se nudi klikom na prazninu. Johnny Depp, who (1) was born in Kentucky in 1963, is a well – known American actor. He first became famous when he starred in the TV series 21 Jump Street, in which (2) he played a young police officer. This role which (3) he played for nearly four years, turned him into a teen idol. Later, Depp played the title role in the film Edward Scissorhands, which (4) was directed by Tim Burton, whose (5) partner is the actress Helen Bonham Carter. Depp has two children with his partner Vanessa Paradis, and they divide their time between their five homes, including a villa in the South of France called Le Plan the la tour, where(6)Depp makes his own wine.