Global Imperialism

Uncover the history of global imperialism and Japan's rapid modernization!

Imperialism in Southeast Asia Attraction to Southeast Asia-Southeast Asia was no more immune to Imperialism than India or Africa. Parts of Southeast Asia were actually early victims of 17th century colonization (courtesy of the Portuguese and then the Dutch).-The climate of Southeast Asia was tropical- warm year round with plenty of regular rainfall. The area had long frown spices like pepper, cinnamon, and nutmeg- things that were exotic yet desirable to Europeans. These were things that could not be grown in the cool climates of Europe.-The location of Southeast Asia was also quite strategic. By definition, the area is located south of China and southeast of India. It had been active in Indian Ocean trade for the better art of 1,000 years.-As such, Southeast Asia had a variety of cultures, religions and ethnicities due to the natural cultural diffusion that was the result of trade.-The Muslim Gunpowder Empires (Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal) of the 1500s and 1600s dominated Indian Ocean trade by establishing outposts and spreading Islam. These were established trade networks, but not colonial empires. Things changed with the arrival of Europeans.-Europeans began to influence the area with the arrival of the Spanish and Portuguese in the 1500s.-Later, as the power of Portugal began to wane the Dutch, British, and the French began establishing colonies in Southeast Asia. What about the climate of Southeast Asia was attractive to Europeans? the climate was tropical which allowed for the growing of exotic spices the climate was cold, very similar to that of Europe the climate was dessert land, which was good for military strategy How did Southeast Asia's location impact them culturally? their culture was very traditional their culture had remained the same for 100s of years their culture was very diverse Mainland Southeast Asia -France and Britain dominated the mainland nations of Southeast Asia. France controlled the eastern portion, known as French Indochina (today's countries of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia), while Britain controlled the western nations of Burma, Malaysia, and Singapore.-Only Thailand (or Siam, as it was called then) remained independent during this time period.King Mongkut and his son Chulalongkorn began to modernize the country by creating schools and reforming the legal system, much as Japan had done. -The real reason Siam was allowed to remain independent, however, was that it provided a buffer between eastern French and western British territories. Which two European countries dominated mainland Southeast Asia? Britain Russia Britain France Italy USA Which parts of mainland Southeast Asia did Britain and France control? Match the following. France eastern Indochina Britain western nations Which Southeast Asian nation was able to maintain independence? Thailand (Siam) China Cambodia Vietnam What was the real reason the nation above remained independent? the provided a buffer between French and British territory they were a very violent country that nobody wanted to threaten they were a peaceful nation that stayed to themselves Indonesia Philippines -The Dutch colonized the Indonesian islands and like other European nations, they transferred valuable cash crops there.-Crops like tobacco, cinchona (the bark of this tree was used to make quinine- the anti-malaria drug), and rubber trees were planted in this tropical area. By 1914, nearly all of the world's rubber was produced in Indonesia.-The Philippines were originally explored by the Spanish sailor Magellan, who staked a colonial claim there in 1521.-The Philippines changed hands in 1898, after the Spanish-American War, when the Spanish sold them to the United States. Who colonized Indonesia? Britain USA Dutch France Choose all of the following valuable products and resources from Indonesia. Tobacco Rubber Trees Cinchona Spices Who did the Philippines belong to after the Spanish American War? Spain USA France Imperialism in Japan Matthew Perry-Starting in 1603, The Tokugawa Shogunate closed its doors to the outside world. Japan remained largely isolated for more than 200 years!-In 1853 Commodore Matthew Perry of the United States sailed into Tokyo Harbor and demanded trade concessions from the Japanese.-The Japanese decided that the best course of action was to agree to Western demands for trade, and then begin to modernize their nation as quickly as possible. The Treaty of Kanagawa (1853) granted the Unites States trading rights to 2 ports. What was Japanese foreign policy in the Tokugawa Era? mercantilism imperialism isolationism How did Japan's foreign policy change in 1853? they were forced to open up trade with the western world they went to war with the USA they remained in isolation Meiji Restoration -During the Tokugawa Era the Shogun was the most powerful figure in the government. Although the position of Emperor was technically higher than the Shogun, the Emperor served a largely ceremonial role in the Japanese government.-Many Japanese were angry with the Shogun for giving in to the westerners and they turned to their Emperor for leadership. The Shogun stepped down and in 1868 the young Emperor Mutsuhito took control. He called his rule Meiji meaning "enlightened rule"-The Meiji period of Japanese history was one of the most dynamic in history, as the Emperor was determined to modernize Japan politically, economically, and socially. Who was the most powerful figure in Japanese government during the Tokugawa Era? Emperor Shogun President What does Meiji mean? enlightened leader enlightened rule enlightened emperor What happened to Japan during the Meiji period? Japan modernized Japan remained isolated Japan entered WWI Modernizations in Japan -The Japanese began to scour the globe for the best of Western wars, and then adapted those ways to their culture (selective borrowing). They also invited western "experts" to come to Japan and offer advice on how best to modernize.-From the Germans, they borrowed their idea of a strong central government and a disciplined military. From the British, they adopted naval technology, and from the United States they adopted a system a public education.-Although Japan had been isolated with NO mechanized industry until 1868, the government actively promotes both traditional (silk and tea) and modern (steel) industries. As a result, the Japanese built their first railroad line in 1872, and by 1914 they had more than 7,000 miles of railroad! What ideas did the Japanese borrow and from where? Match the following. Germany strong central governemnt Britain naval techonology United States Public Education How was Japan able to modernize so efficiently? by learning from and copying what other modern nations had done by forcing industrialization by remaining isolated for so many years Results of Japanese Modernization -Japan's rapid industrialization was even more impressive because Japan was NOT blessed with a lot of industrial raw materials like coal, iron ore, or petroleum. They had to trade for almost everything!-As a result of this, Japan would become an imperialist nation, just like the westerners.-Also, the Japanese were anxious to prove their equality with westerners. They believed their fellow Asians were weak and were excited to be seen as modern and western, and this led to military aggression and subsequent wars with China, Russia, and Korea. What did Japan NOT have that made their industrialization extra impressive? factories machines raw materials Why does Japan become an imperialist nation? CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. they wanted to prove their equality to western nations they had to trade for almost all of the raw materials needed for industrialization they hated western nations and wanted to be more powerful than they were Imperialism in Latin America 19th Century Latin America-By the 1830s, most nations in Latin America had achieved independence. However, the road to political unity and economic prosperity was not easily achieved.-The idea of representative government was very appealing but when it was put into practice regional and political factions vied for power, allowing for the rise of dictators, or caudillos.-Additionally, prior to independence, few Latin American nations had much industry. The economic emphasis during the colonial era had been on the production of cash crops and other raw materials, not manufactured goods. Why did Latin American countries have difficulty implementing democracies? regional and political factions competed for power the people of Latin America did not want a democracy historically, democracies are not stable forms of government Economic Imperialism in Latin America -Latin American nations could produce many agricultural and mineral products demanded by industrial ones. The problem was that most nations did not have a comprehensive modern transportation system, nor did they have the industry to develop one.-Latin American nations had 2 options- borrow money to buy the necessary equipment or allow industrial nations to construct and own the transportation system within the country.-By borrowing money, they were indebted to another nation. And by allowing another nation to construct the transportation system they were forfeiting a measure of control. Both options allowed other nations undue influence in their economy and perhaps their government too.-While Latin America was not re-colonized directly, they were controlled economically. What 2 economic problems did Latin America face in terms of industrialization? CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. they did not have modern transportation systems they did not have the industry to develop transportation systems they were in the process of building modern transportation systems What 2 options did Latin America have to solve these issues? CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. borrow money go into debt allow industrial nations to build and own the transportation systems True or False: Latin America was not conquered directly; rather, they were controlled economically. True False The Big Stick -By the mid-1800s, European nations had a good deal of economic control in Latin America, but they resisted political or territorial conquest...why?-One reason was that the USA had emerged as a Western hemisphere policeman. By way of the Monroe Doctrine and the Roosevelt corollary ("speak softly but carry a big stick"), the USA told European nations to stay out of the Western hemisphere and warned Latin American nations of potential military interference.-The USA involved itself in the Cuban War of independence (it became known as the Spanish-American War) in 1898 and received its first colonies- Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. Between 1901 and 1922, the USA's military intervened again in Cuba several times, in the Dominican Republic, Honduras, Nicaragua and Haiti. Why did European nations not actually colonize Latin America? Latin American nations did not have good natural resources to offer Latin American countries had strong militaries that would have fought off European powers. The USA told European nations to stay out of the Western Hemisphere Panama Canal -The USA recognized the strategic value of a canal connecting the Atlantic and the Pacific, but Columbia refused to give the USA rights to build the canal.-In 1903, the USA supported a Panamanian rebellion against Colombia and almost immediately recognized Panama as an independent nation.-The USA was then granted rights to build the canal. Digging began in 1904 and was completed 10 years later. The canal remained owned by the USA until 1999, when it returned to Panama. Why did the USA support a Panamanian rebellion against Colombia? Colombia was mistreating the Panamanian people they wanted to build a canal in that area they wanted to colonize Colombia Why did the USA want to dig a canal in Latin America? they wanted a waterway that connected the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific they wanted a faster route to Europe they wanted to control Panama Imperialism in India-Background Info •Unlike the continent of Africa, or the country of China, both of which were dominated by multiple European nations, the country of India was dominated by only one — Great Britain. •By the 1700s, the government that ruled India (the Mughal Dynasty) had grown weak. Starting in the 1500s, they allowed Europeans to trade at various port cities, but by the 1700s the British in particular, had expanded their influence and control in the nation. •British control came through a powerful corporation: The British East India Company. This company not only held much Indian territory, but also had their own army! How did imperialism of India differ from that of Africa and China? India was dominated by many countries, while Africa and China we only controlled by one country. India was dominated by only one country, whereas Africa and China were dominated by many. India was imperialized very quickly while Africa and China were not imperialized at all. What was the name of the powerful corporation that held much of the Indian Territory and had their own army? Dutch East India Company Indian East India Company French East India Company British East India Company The Jewel in the Crown •By the mid 1800s, India had become the single most important colony in the British Empire. •India provided cotton for British textile mills, which was important because by the 1860s, Britain’s other big supplier of cotton, the United States, was embroiled in a civil war. •Additionally, Indian climate was good for growing coffee tea — products popular in the British diet. This also eliminated the need to trade with China for these goods. •The Indian climate was also good for growing opium — a highly addictive drug that the British were exporting in large quantities to China. •Finally, the Indian population totaled more than 300 million. British industries viewed India as a large market for their goods. Why was India referred to as "the Jewel in the Crown?" India was the single most important colony in the British Empire. The British liked to wear their crowns while conquering India. Crowns were required attire by all common people in India. Match the following products to their importance to Britain. Cotton Supplied British textile mills Coffee and Tea These products were popular in the British diet and eliminated the need to trade with China for these goods. Opium A highly addictive drug that the British were exporting in large quantities to China. Besides products, how else did India serve British economic need? India had a very small population, which gave the British room to take land. India had such a small population that the people didn't fight back against the British. India had a population of more than 300 million, which created a large market for British goods. Sepoy Rebellion •The British East India Company employed native Indians in their private army. These soldiers were called sepoys. •In 1857, a rumor spread among the sepoys that the gunpowder cartridges for their rifles were greased with beef pork fat. (In order to use the cartridges, a soldier had to bite off one end.) •This offended both Hindus (who considered the cow sacred), and Muslims (who did not eat pork). •The sepoys began a rebellion against the British, and in order to put it down, the British government had to send troops. •By 1858, the rebellion was crushed, and as a result, the British government took direct control of India. What is the name of native Indians who served in the British East India Company? warrior ninja sepoy Rumors spread that the gunpowder cartridges were greased with beef and pork fat. What two religions did this practice offend? Christians and Buddhists Hindus and Buddhists Hindus and Muslims Muslims and Catholics Which of the following did NOT happen following the sepoy's rebellion? The British government awarded the sepoys a medal for defending their honor. The British government had to send in troops. The British government took diret control of India. The Raj (1858-1947) •The Raj is the name of the era of British colonial rule over India. •During this time the British brought many modernizing changes to India including railways, telegraph and telephone lines, modern hospitals and medi cines, and more educational opportunities. •However, the Indians lost all political inde pendence, and were discriminated against by the British in their own country !•It was difficult for India’s Muslims and Hindus to work together against the British because they distrusted each other. Even tually an important nationalist group was founded -- the Indian National Congress. What was the name of the era of British colonial rule over India from 1858-1947? The Raj The Sepoy Rebellion The Razzle Dazzle Indian National Congress Is the following statement a postive or negative impact of British rule in India?The British modernized India by bringing railways, telegraph and telephone lines, modern hospitals and medicine, and more educational oppurtunities. Postive Negative Is the following statement a postive or negative impact of British rule in India?Indians lost all political independence, and were discriminated against by the British. Positive Negative Click on the blanks to chose the correct word to fill the blank. It was difficult for India’s Muslims and Hindus to work together against the British because they distrusted each other. Even tually an important nationalist group was founded -- the Indian National Congress. Imperialism in China-Trade Imbalance •Europeans had been seeking a relationship with China for years, but the Chinese granted limited access (trade through only a few ports). Their trade relationship was very unbalanced because the Chinese were largely uninterested in European products. •An unfavorable balance of trade suggests a nation imports more than they export. Most European nations imported more from China than they exported in the 17 1800s. •Additionally, China demanded bullion, or gold and silver, for their products. Europeans were not happy because the silver in their treasuries was draining into China. •Europeans sought a product that would be appealing enough to the Chinese to balance the trade deficit. In the late 1700s, the British found the right product — opium. Click on the blanks to chose the correct word to fill in each blank. Use the section above to find the answers! •Europeans had been seeking a relationship with China for years, but the Chinese granted limited access (trade through only a few ports). Their trade relationship was very unbalanced because the Chinese were largely uninterested in European products. •An unfavorable balance of trade suggests a nation imports more than they export. Most European nations imported more from China than they exported in the 17 1800s. •Additionally, China demanded bullion, or gold and silver, for their products. Europeans were not happy because the silver in their treasuries was draining into China. •Europeans sought a product that would be appealing enough to the Chinese to balance the trade deficit. In the late 1700s, the British found the right product — opium. The Opium War •Opium is a highly addictive narcotic (derivatives include morphine and heroin). It was not widely available in Chinese society because the government restricted its use. Only doctors and pharmacists could dispense opium. •The British however, grew and processed opium in India. From there, they began smuggling it in massive quantities into China in the late 1700s. By 1835, more than 12 million Chi nese were addicted. •In 1839, the Chinese government sent a strongly worded letter to the British government demanding they stop the importation of opium to China. •The British ignored the demands of the Chinese, and with that, the first Opium War began. •The Chinese were no match for British military and naval superiority. In 1842, they were forced to sign the Treaty of Nanjing (Nanking). which granted the British the island of Hong Kong, and opened up an additional 5 ports to British trade. Which of the following is a highly addictive drug that was resticted in China, but was smuggled into China by the British in the laste 1700s? caffeine chocolate opium Where did the British grow and process the opium they smuggled into China? Africa India Great Britiain America By 1835, how many Chinese were addicted to opium? 12 million 10,000 500 Click on the blanks to select the correct word to complete each sentence. •In 1839, the Chinese government sent a strongly worded letter to the British government demanding they stop the importation of opium to China. •The British ignoredthe demands of the Chinese, and with that, the first Opium War began. •The Chinese were no match for British military and naval superiority. In 1842, they were forced to sign the Treaty of Nanjing (Nanking), which granted the British the island of Hong Kong, and opened up an additional 5 ports to British trade. Reaction of China •After the Opium War, powerful foreign nations lined up to sign “unequal” treaties with China. More and more nations were taking advantage of China’s weakness, and demanding trading rights and other things. •The Qing Dynasty’s inability to protect the nation from foreign domination signaled the end of their Mandate of Heaven. Numerous rebellions erupted in China. •In 1900, the first massive nationalist rebellion, the Boxer Rebellion, broke out. It was an antiforeigner rebellion that would not succeed, but within 11 years, a rebellion would succeed, and topple the last Dynasty of China. After the Opium War, many nations took advantage of China's weaknesses, signaling the end of the the Qing Dynasty's _? Rule of Britain Mandate of Heaven Jewel of the Crown Which of the following was an anti-foreigner rebellion that did not succeed in China? Boxer Rebellion Sepoy Rebellion Fighter Rebellion Open Door Policy •The United States proposed the Open Door Policy in 1899 because they were concerned that China would be divided up into separate colonies, just like Africa. •China was to maintain its political autonomy, but foreign nations would have specific spheres of in fluence (exclusive trade zones, could be a country within a country). •In reality, foreign nations ran China — the Qing Dynasty had no ability to resist them. Why did the United States propose th Open Door Policy in China? They had trouble with locks on doors. They were afraid other people would find the key to China. They were concerned that China would end up being divided into seperate colonies, just like Africa. Although China was supposed to maintain it's political autonomy, who actually ran China due to the Open Door Policy? China maintained control of China. Foreign nations ran China.