Aggression - Reading Pre Test - TOEFL

1. Which of the following is NOT defined as aggressive behaviour? Inflicting pain accidentally Making insulting remarks Destroying property Trying unsuccessfully to injure someone 2. The author mentions "belittling and humiliating comments" in paragraph 1 in order to demonstrate how serious the problem of aggression is clarify the difference between intentional and unintentional aggression provide examples of verbal aggression illustrate the nature of physical aggression 3. The word "intentional" in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to deliberate estimated forbidden intermittent 4. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 2? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. Biological theories of aggression emphasize its instinctive nature Theories that consider aggression biological are more accepted than those that consider it learned Various theories about aggression attribute it to either natural or learned causes Various theories try to compare the idea that aggression is biological with the idea that it is learned 5. According to paragraph 3 displacement is internally directed aggression a modeled type of aggression aggression that is unintentional aggression that is directed outward 6. It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that catharsis is a positive process involves channeling aggression internally is studied by ethologists should be negatively reinforced 7. An ethologist would be most likely to study learned catharsis in a certain species of monkey the evolution of a certain type of fish the bone structure of a certain type of dinosaur the manner in which a certain male lion fights other male lions 8. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to paragraph 3."One may, for example, release aggression by joining a football team or a debate team or even a cooking competition."Where would the sentence best fit? 8A 8B 8C 8D 9. The phrase "school of thought" in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to institutions of higher learning lessons to improve behaviour methods of instruction sets of shared beliefs 10. It is NOT mentioned in paragraph 4 that some believe that instinctive aggression may occur without being provoked in order to cause provocation in response to minor provocation in response to strong provocation 11. The word "it" in paragraph 4 refers to aggression an instinctive response provocation a direct response 12. The author begins in paragraph 5 with expression "in contrast to instinct theories" in order to introduce the instinct theories that will be presented in paragraph 5 indicate that paragraph 5 will present two contrasting theories contrast instinctive theories of aggression with biological theories of aggression provide a transition to the idea that will be presented in paragraph 5 13. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 5? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. Research on aggression has shown that the best way to combat aggression is to model appropriate behaviour and positively reinforce non-aggressive behaviour. Children learn to behave aggressively by witnessing aggressive behaviour that is rewarded or is at least not punished. When aggressive behaviour is combined with modeling, it takes positive reinforcement to disrupt this type of behaviour. Children will model aggressive behaviour even in circumstances when the aggressive behaviour is negatively reinforced. 14. The word "that" in paragraph 5 refers to research evidence the baheviour a live model 15. What is stated in paragraph 5 about the modeling of aggressive behaviour? Fictional models are as likely to cause aggressive behaviour as are live models Little correlation has been found between viewing of aggressive behaviour on television and acting aggressively Aggression in works of fiction may cause aggressive behaviour Aggression in society has an effect on the type of violence in movies and on television 16. The phrase "in and of itself" in paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to internally single-handedly genuinely semi-privately 17. The word "critical" in paragraph 5 could best be replaced by negative considerate crucial studied 18. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to paragraph 5."Thus, it is more common for a youth to imitate aggressors who have been rewarded than those who have been punished." 18A 18B 18C 18D 19A. Select the appropriate sentences from the answer choices to the corresponding theory. This question is worth 3 points (3 points for 5 correct answers, 2 points for 4 correct answers, 1 point for 3 correct answers, and 0 points for 2, 1 or 0 correct answers). Questions A and B are considered one. (2 OPTIONS)THEORIES ATTRIBUTING AGGRESSION TO INSTINCT Aggression occurs in response to rewards for aggressive behaviour Aggression occurs without outside provocation Aggression occurs in order to provoke confrontations Aggression occurs in response to observed behaviour of real people Aggression occurs in response to negative reinforcement of aggressive behaviour Aggression occurs as a natural response to provocation Aggression occurs in response to observed behaviour of fictional people 19B. Select the appropriate sentences from the answer choices to the corresponding theory. This question is worth 3 points (3 points for 5 correct answers, 2 points for 4 correct answers, 1 point for 3 correct answers, and 0 points for 2, 1 or 0 correct answers). Questions A and B are considered one. (3 OPTIONS)THEORIES ATTRIBUTING AGGRESSION TO LEARNED BEHAVIOURS Aggression occurs in response to rewards for aggressive behaviour Aggression occurs without outside provocation Aggression occurs in order to provoke confrontations Aggression occurs in response to observed behaviour of real people Aggression occurs in response to negative reinforcement of aggressive behaviour Aggression occurs as a natural response to provocation Aggression occurs in response to observed behaviour of fictional people 20. An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. this question is worth 2 points (2 points for 3 correct answers, 1 point for 2 correct answers, and 0 points for 1 or 0 correct answers). Various theories indicate that learned aggression occurs as a result of observation of this type of behaviour and reward for it. Various theories indicate aggression is neither instinctive nor learned Various theories indicate that instinctively caused aggression is always cathartic. Various theories indicate that instinctively caused aggression may occur with or without provocation. Various theories indicate that aggression may be instinctive or learned Various theories indicate that learned aggression results from displacement of anger