Semester 1 Review 2020: Berry Full of DNA Lab

Extract DNA from strawberries in this fun lab! Review key biology concepts.

Strawberries are a great source of DNA because their cells have multiple versions of each chromosome. In fact, they are octoploid, containing 8 versions of each chromosome! In this lab, your lab group will break up the cells of a strawberry and separate DNA from the rest of the cell. In which organelle is DNA stored? Endoplasmic Reticulum Ribosome Nucleus Mitochondria STEP 1: Place a strawberry in a ziploc bag, press out extra air, and then seal the bag. Using the palm of your hand, mash the strawberry for about 2 minutes. Your goal is to break open the cells of the strawberry. Which three organelles are found in plant cells but not animals cells? Nucleus Chloroplast Central Vacuole Cell Membrane Lysosome Cell Wall Many strawberries can be picked from one plant, similar to the growing patterns of other garden plants such as green beans. Plants have a nucleus, thus they are eukaryotes, as are bacteria eukaryotes, as are animals prokaryotes, as are bacteria prokaryotes, are as animals STEP 2: The strawberry is now a mash of crushed cells. We need to separate the parts of the cell in order to extract the DNA. Add .01 liter (how many ml?) of buffer solution to the bag. Remove excess air and seal the bag. The buffer solution is made of detergent (to remove cell membranes), salt (to make solution isotonic) and water. Mash the strawberry and buffer solution for another minute. Answer questions. Convert .01 liter to ml. .000 1 .001 1.0 10.0 100. You are mixing the berry mash with water. The berry, salt and detergent are mixing with the water. This occurs because water is a ... polar molecule, excellent solvent polar molecule, poor solvent nonpolar molecule, excellent solvent nonpolar molecule, excellent solvent When you drop a cell in hypotonic solution, the cell will shrivel as it looses water expand as it gains water remain unchanged as there is no net change in water entering cell Without a detergent, the cell membrane would NOT mix with water, because the membrane is nonpolar as it contains mainly Lipids (phospholipids) polar as it contains mainly Lipids (phospholipids) nonpolar as it contains mainly sugars polar as it contains mainly sugars The buffer solution will keep the solution from getting too acidic or basic. Acids are characterized by pH below 7 pH of 7 pH above 7 Convert 120 cm to m. 120 000 1 200 1.20 .12 .012 STEP 3: Pour the liquid from the bag into the funnel filter. The cheesecloth will remove the cell wall and some organelles from the mixture. When the test tube is about half full, remove the funnel and place it into an empty beaker. The cheesecloth and bag can be thrown away. The DNA (and other cell components) are now dissolved in water. Water has many unique properties due to _ bonds that form between separate water molecules (holding water molecules together). covalent hydrogen ionic metallic Label the bonds illustrated below, using the terms 'hydrogen bond' and 'covalent bond' (type words EXACTLY as written prior) covalent bond hydrogen bond Label: Use these labels (make sure to type EXACTLY as seen here): 'oxygen, negative' or 'hydrogen, positive' oxygen, negative hydrogen, positive Properties of Water Below are terms related to properties of water. Correctly match them with the description. Cohesive Molecules stick to molecules of the same material Adhesive Molecules stick to other materials. High Specific Heat Water requires a lot of energy in order to change its temperature Universal Solvent Water dissolves many materials due to hydrogen bonds between molecules. Polar Molecules Water has charges at its ends due to oxygen pulling electrons towards the ends of the molecule. STEP 4: Slowly drip 25 drops of ice-cold ethanol along the side of the tube, allowing the ethanol to form a layer on top of the cell mixture. This will help to clump the DNA together. Complete the following for the Celsius Scale: 0 Freezing Point 24 Room Temp 37 Body Temp 100 Boiling Point There are four categories of organic compounds that make up the human body. DNA is an example of which one? proteins carbohydrates nucleic acids lipids Which of the following is not an example of an organic compound? (HINT: each of these answers except for one fits into a category from the question above) glucose nitrogen phospholipid enzyme What is the monomer of nucleic acids? monosaccharides nucleotides amino acids fatty acids What is the monomer of proteins? monosaccharides nucleotides enzymes amino acids fatty acids STEP 5: Dip the glass rod into the tube, right where the ethanol and extract layers are in contact with each other. Twirl the glass rod into the ethanol layer. The DNA will form fibers, somewhat like cotton candy, that will spool onto the glass rod (the DNA itself looks like mucous). Keep the tube at eye level so you can see what is happening. Pay attention to the characteristics of the DNA as it rises into the ethanol layer. A person cannot see a single cotton thread 100 feet away, but if thousands of threads are wound together into a rope, the rope can be seen at some distance. How is this statement an analogy to the DNA extraction you did? The DNA coiled on the glass rod is one molecule thick There are thousands of DNA molecules on the glass rod Answer the following additional questions that review information from the semester (in relation to strawberries). Strawberries undergo photosynthesis, so they would be producers in a food web. Complete the other classifications below: Match: Vegetarians (e.g. deer) Primary Consumer Plants and Algae Producers Eat vegetarians (e.g. eat deer) Secondary Consumer Top Consumer (e.g. eat deer, fox or coyotes) Tertiary Consumer Strawberries are fruits meant to disperse seeds. The leaves on the strawberry plant use photosynthesis to create glucose for surviving and producing strawberries. The fact that plants perform photosynthesis categorizes them as... autotrophs heterotrophs decomposers prokaryotes Which of the following are the correct "ingredients" (reactants) for a strawberry plant to perform photosynthesis? carbon dioxide, water, sunlight oxygen, water, sunlight carbon dioxide, glucose, sunlight glucose, oxygen Strawberries and other plants are living organisms, which means they are made up of cells. Recall that cells of different organisms have features that reflect the abilities of the organism. Match the organism on the left with a description of their cell components at right. Plant Cell Wall, Central Vacuole Prokaryote DNA but no nucleus Eukayote Nucleus and membrane-bound organelles Animal Eukaryote but no chloroplasts. Bacteria An example of a prokaryote. When the strawberry plant needs energy, it goes through the same process as ALL organisms to break down glucose and convert the energy into ATP. This process is called... synthase Calvin Cycle photosynthesis cell respiration Match the following, using the equation for cell respiration (below): 6 O2+ C6H12O6 ---> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O+ ATP 12 Total atoms of hydrogen in the products Water One of the products Oxygen One of the reactants 7 Total number of molecules in the reactants 24 Total atoms in one molecule of glucose ATP The energy needed to carry out life's processes Strawberry plants produce their own oxygen from photosynthesis, which is then used to perform cell respiration. Some organisms don't have access to oxygen, but still need ATP. Yeast is an example of an organism that produces ATP and gives off carbon dioxide for the rising of bread without oxygen, which is called _ respiration. photosynthesis aerobic anaerobic glycolysis Strawberries are the products of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is part of the _ cycle. Nitrogen Carbon Phosphorus Rock In biochemistry, the term "organic" refers to molecules that make up living organisms. There are four main groups of organic compounds (listed below). When eaten, strawberries provide us with energy, which means they are mostly made up of which organic molecule? nucleic acid carbohydrate protein lipid When raising strawberries, the plants produce more berries if they get plenty of water in the fall. If more water is available in the fall, the result is more berries. The water is the _ variable and the amount of berries is the _ variable. dependent, independent independent, dependent independent, neutral neutral, independent Match: Population All individuals of the same species Community All the different populations in an area Ecosystem The organisms living in an area and the inorganic materials that cycle through the living things. Inorganic Not living Organic Living or made by living things