UNIVERSAL GRAMMAR

What is the basis for Universal Grammar? Innate mechanism Stimulus-response Communicative competence What is Universal Grammar? Please sort out some of the principles and parameters under the given titles. Principles Structure Dependency Projection Parameters Pro-drop Head directionality Subject placement Poverty of stimulus The controversial argument from linguistics that children are not exposed to rich enough data within their linguistic environments to acquire every feature of their language. Structure Dependency There is an internal structure in a sentence and sentences have a rule governed phrase structure. The Language Faculty Humans have an independent system for acquiring a language and it operates distinctly The Head Parameter The speakers of a certain language hold the knowledge whether the language they learn is head-first or head-final and generate phrases with such underlying knowledge. The Pro-drop Parameter This is also known as null-subject parameter since some languages require apparent subjects while some also allow sentences without subjects, which is referred as empty category since it does not appear on the surface level. Core and Periphery Innately-programmed parts of language and the elements of language which are derived from the history of the language 1. Tom knows that he is successful.2. Tom knows that is successful.3. Murat onun akıllı olduğunu biliyor.4. Murat akıllı olduğunu biliyor.Which sentence above is ungrammatical, why? Which one of the followings is incorrect? Turkish is a head-final language. English is a head-first language. Japanese is an example of a strongly head-initial language. Fundamental Difference Hypothesis Second language learners develop knowledge based on their native language. Comparison of adults and children in terms of language acquisition is irrelevant. Access to UG Hypothesis Adult learners make use of their innate language faculties when it comes to language learning. If parameters are not similar in L1 and L2, there might be a setting of parameters. Full transfer/ Full access L2 is acquired via using L1 grammar and L2 speakers have full access to UG when L1 is not adequate. Minimal trees hypothesis Both L1 and UG are available concurently. However, the L1 grammar that is available contains no functional categories. Syntactic structures grow taller after the earlier impaired representations. Valueless features There is weak transfer from L1 to L2 acquisition. Both functional and lexical categories are available from the L1, but the strength of these features isn't available. Which one of the following statements is NOT among the possible origins of the variation across diverse languages relating to functional categories? Different functional categories might be surfaced in the grammar. The properties that a functional category might be different. The functional categories might be deviant compared to the standard. The features can be weak in one language and strong in another. LANGUAGE UNIVERSALS All human languages share certain properties. Fundamental Difference Hypothesis Adult second language learners do not have access to UG. Poverty of Stimulus Children acquire knowledge for which there is no evidence in the input. Full Access No Transfer The starting point for SLA is UG. There is no connection between L1 grammar and the developing L2 grammar. Full Transfer Full Access L1 grammar is the starting point. UG is still accessible. Partial Access to UG Learners do not have a direct access to UG in L2 acquisition. If they have an access to UG it is based on their L1 parameters. Uniformity All children acquiring language go through the same stages in the same order. Principles They are unvarying and apply to all natural languages. Parameters They possess a limited number of open values which characterize differences between languages. Innateness Children are innately born with a sense of language and grammar.