CP and AC Seeing Change over Time through adaptation

Brief Recap Darwin studied how changes over time occur over the course of many years and came to the conclusion that evolution (change over time) happens due to natural selection (nature is choosing the traits that are most fit).According to the theory of natural selection a population that is overcrowded and has variation will compete for limited resources allowing those that are most fit the ability to survive, reproduce, and pass down their successful traits. Over time we see change in the entire population.We know now that these changes occur as mutations in the instructions of our body (our DNA) but it wasn't until 1910 that scientists joined Mendels discoveries with Darwin to understand how evolution was happening on a genetic basis. Darwin vs. Wallace Darwin didn't publish his ideas, despite his overwhelming evidence, for many years. He had written his book about his theory of Natural Selection but was scared to send it to the public.Brainstorm why he may have been hesitant...Enter Alfred Russel Wallace.Wallace was a naturalist who came up with an idea of how change over time happened. After discussing with a mutual friend he wrote to Darwin a letter stating:"My dear Charles,I haveth an idea regarding change over time in species. My idea is thus: organisms are overpopulated. Since there are limited resources they mustcompete. The variation in the population lets some competeth better. Those that survive are able to reproduce and pass down their successful traits to future generations. Please telleth me what you think.Your obedient servant,A. Wall"Disclaimer: Mrs. Carignan used some creative liberties in writing the above letter. Darwin Is Forced to Publish Having received the letter and realizing that Wallace was about to publish, and get credit for, the exact same idea he had Darwin told Wallace they could present the idea jointly...And then rushed to publish his book "The Origin of Species" in 1859 Definitions to Know Three definitions that will help us continue our understanding are speciespopulation, gene pooland relative frequency.Speciesis considered organisms that can interbreed and create viable offspring.Population(you remember from Ecology) is a group of the same species.Discussion time:Are dog breeds the same population a horse and donkey the same population ligers?Gene Pool refers to all the alleles (variations) available in a population.Relative frequency is the percent of those alleles as a decimal (don't multiply by 100)For example:The gene pool for human eye color is pigmented (brown or green or hazel) or not pigmented (blue).In this particular gene pool the relative frequency of Brown alleles is 5 = 0.5 =50%The relative frequency of bluealleles is 5 = 0.5 =50% Determine the relative frequencies:What is the relative frequency of brown to blue in the following gene pool? 0.5 (50%) brown 0.5 (50%) blue 0.7 (70%) brown 0.3 (30%) blue 0.3 (30%), brown 0.7 (70%) blue none of the above Fill in the blanks with the correct answers:A population starts at 50% brown and 50% blue. The frequencies then are 0.5 and 0.5. After 5 generations we see the following gene pool: The relative frequency is now 40% or 0.4 brown and 60% or 0.6 blue. This is a change from our original 50 This demonstrates mathematical proof of change in time which is evolution. Other Definitions We Should Know: An adaptationis a variation that aids in an organisms survival.Mimicryas an adaptation used by organisms who resemble each other.For example: one of these frogs is poisonous... the other is not. The poisonous one is fit because predators that are unfortunate enough to eat it get ill. The non poisonous one is also fit... because predators won't try to eat it fearing it's poisonous. Genius!Another example is the Monarch and Viceroy. The monarch is very bitter and birds who eat it tend to throw up. This blue jay is NOT going to try that again... and it will avoid the Viceroy as well. Mimicry!Camouflage is an adaptation that allows an organism to look like its environment. Blending in is an example being fit for your environment because you're more likely to survive and be able to pass down those camo traits.The frog, stick bug, and flounder are all difficult for a predator to find... they are doing great camo! The Kings of Camo How fast does Evolution Occur? Darwin believed that adaptations occurred slowly, bit by bit, over many generations in a very gradual way. He referred to this as Gradualism. More recently scientists including Gould have proposed that changes occur more rapidly as an environment changes. Gould proposed that an organisms variation won't change much unless... suddenly... the environmental pressures changed. This would force some traits to be fit while others dwindled. He called this punctuated equilibrium.We know from OVLCRG that it takes MANY generations for change to occur in a regular scenario, however, there are some really cool examples of evolution being observed at a more rapid rate!Antibiotic resistance is one of the best examples. Let's go on a thought journey.... Hand sanitizer advertises that it kills 99.9% of germs. What about that 0.1%??? Why didn't they die? Perhaps they are stronger, more resilient, or resistant to that antibiotic. According to Harvard Health Publishing health care workers carry up to 5 million bacteria on each hand! If they use hand sanitizer and it did kill 99.9% that would leave 5,000 bacteria behind!!!!!!!!!Those 5000 bacteria now have much less competition for food and for space... when they reproduce their babies will ALSO be antibiotic resistant! This rapid change in frequencies is an example of how evolution can happen quickly AND why antibiotic resistance is something that hospitals and health care workers take very seriously. Watch this video and be prepared to respond to a writing prompt :) Should antibiotic use be restricted? Be very specific and clear and use the science of evolution to defend your answer.