EOC Review 2025

Master US History for EOC! Review key figures, events, and terms for success.

Complete the sentences using the word bank. John AdamsSecond president of the United States.Roger Williams Bought land from Native Americans to found Rhode Island.Nathaniel Bacon Led rebellion in 1676; partly conflict with Native Americans, partly conflict between poor and wealthy.John LockeBest known for concept of Natural Rights: Life, liberty, propertyThomas PaineWrote “Common Sense;” led to colonial demands for independenceKing George IIIBritish Monarch during American RevolutionJames Madison“Father of the Constitution” and 4th President of the U.S.George WashingtonLed Continental Army; highly respected due to Crossing of Delaware River, Valley ForgeMarquis de LafayetteFrench aristocrat who trained Continental ArmyMontesquieuBest known for supporting Separation of PowersBenjamin FranklinAmbassador to France, established alliance with France, symbol of social mobility and Enlightenment thinkingDuke of YorkTook New Netherland from Dutch; established New York and New JerseyDaniel ShaysLed rebellion caused by high taxes, proved that Articles of Confederation was too weakThomas JeffersonPut Enlightenment ideas in Declaration of Independence; third President of the United StatesWilliam Penn Quaker founder of Pennsylvania; believed in religious toleranceSamuel Adams Founder of Sons of Liberty; hated Stamp Act; carried out Boston Tea Party Complete the sentences using the word bank. Tobaccocash crop that saved Jamestown and VirginiaPuritans groupwho emigrated for religious freedom; settled New EnglandBacon's Rebellion Virginia clash between poor and wealthy; led to more slaverySalem Witch Trials period of hysteria; demonstrated importance of religionRhode IslandNew England Colony known for independent spiritPennsylvania Middle Colony known for religious toleranceNew England Region known for religion, depended on fishing, shipbuilding, tradeQuakersGroup who believed in equality and religious toleranceHouse of Burgesses First representative legislative body in the ColoniesKing Philip's War Last event of Native Americans fighting back in New EnglandVirginia Company Joint-stock company, motive in the colonies: make moneyMassachusetts Bay Colony Merged with Plymouth colony, began New England Complete the sentences using the word bank. Mercantilismbelief that colonies exist to make “mother country” richRaw Materials provided at low cost by the colonies to EnglandNew Markets role of colonies for England’s finished goodsTrans-Atlantic Trade any trade between Old World and New WorldTriangular Trade pattern of trade often driven by molasses, rum, and slavesMiddle Passage journey to the Americas for slaves; part of triangular tradeNavigation Acts laws limiting colonial trade with any country but EnglandSalutary Neglect period when England ignored colonies as long as they provided wealth Complete the sentences using the word bank. Sugar Act1764, lowered tariffs on molasses and sugar to stop smuggling Treaty of Paris, 1763ended the French and Indian War Boston Massacre5 Bostonians kills by Redcoats in 1770 Sons of Libertygroup that held the Boston Tea Party in response to the Stamp Act, led by Sam Adams Enlightenmentera of new ideas about government and society; influenced American Revolution Stamp Act1765, tax on all paper goods, Sons of Liberty hated it Boston Tea Party1771, Boston colonists protest British taxes French and Indian War 1754-1763, established British dominance over North America but left debt Coercive ActsGeorge III’s punishment for the Boston Tea Party, included martial law, Quartering Act, closed Boston Harbor Committees of Correspondencesent letters to share British abuses of colonies; based in MA and VA Proclamation of 1763Prohibited colonies from going west of the Appalachian Mountains Intolerable Acts Colonists’ name for the Coercive Acts Complete the sentences using the word bank. Declaration of Independencedocument describing good government, listing complaints against George IBattle of Saratogaevent that resulted in France agreement in alliance Battle of Yorktownevent that ended the American Revolution Common Sensedocument that shifted Colonial attitudes from wanting a voice to wanting independence Treaty of Paris, 1783document that ended the American Revolution Redcoatsthe British Army Continental Armythe colonists’ army Valley Forgemiserable winter camp; Washington suffered alongside his men Crossing the Delaware journey that led to first Continental victory Complete the sentences using the word bank. FederalistsGroup supported strong central gov.; Alexander HamiltonVirginia Planproposal that states be represented based on population Articles of Confederationdocument that set up a gov. without power to tax or regulate trade Federalist Papersseries of essays explaining the Constitution Anti-FederalistsGroup did not support strong central gov.; Thomas Jefferson New Jersey Planproposal that each state have two votes, regardless of population U.S. Constitutiondocument that set up a federal government in 1789Shays Rebellionevent that showed the weakness of the Articles of Confederation Whiskey Rebellionevent that proved that the Constitution would work Bill of Rightsdocument that protects the rights of individuals and states Great Compromiseagreement to use both VA NJ plans for representation of states Three-Fifths Compromise agreement regarding the counting of slaves when calculating representation Complete the sentences using the word bank. William T. ShermanUnion General, “March to the Sea” destroyed much of Georgia Andrew Jacksonseventh president of the US, associated with the spoils system Nat Turner led failed rebellion in 1831, led to strict slave codes Andrew Johnson17th president; first to be impeached due to political tensions James K. Polk11th president, pushed US into Mexican-American War Thomas Jeffersonthird president, known for uncharacteristic Louisiana Purchase John C. Calhounsupported of states’ rights and nullificationJohn Brownled failed raid 1859 at Harper’s Ferry Abraham Lincoln16th President; election in 1860 led SC to secede, preserve union William Lloyd Garrison abolitionist, publisher of “The Liberator” Dred Scottslave who sued in 1857 told by Supreme Court “you are property, not citizen, no right to sue” Stonewall JacksonConfederate general died after Chancellorsville Jefferson Davisfirst and only President of the Confederate States of America Henry Clay Proposed Missouri Compromise, solved Nullification Crisis, proposed Compromise of 1850, and created The American System Elizabeth Cady Stantonled Seneca Falls Conference Robert E. Lee Confederategeneral, surrendered at Appomattox Courthouse Frederick Douglassformer slave, abolitionist, publisher of “North Star” Lewis Clarkexplorers of Louisiana Purchase James Monroe5th president of US, known for policy regarding Western Hemisphere Ulysses S. Grant Union general who accepted the Confederate surrender Complete the sentences using the word bank. Impressmentpractice of kidnapping U.S. sailors forcing into the British Navy North West Ordinance (1787) planprimarily for dividing new territory into states Land Ordinance (1785) planfor establishing procedure for territories to become states Blockadethe practice of preventing ships from entering or leaving port; used by the British to prevent trade between the US and FranceNationalismsense of unity that developed during the War of 1812 War of 1812Conflict between the US and the British over blockades, impressment, and seizure of American ships Louisiana PurchaseDoubled the size of the US in 1803; out of character for strict constructionist T. Jefferson 2nd American RevolutionWar of 1812 called this due to British behavior towards the US Monroe DoctrineSpeech given in 1823 warning European nations not to re-take colonies in the Americas Manifest Destiny belief that the United States had the right to control all land from the East to West coast- “From sea to shining sea” Complete the sentences using the word bank. Suffragethe right to vote Cotton Ginresulted in increase in slavery Temperancemovement to limit or prohibit alcohol Reform Movementstrend caused by the Second Great Awakening Public Educationarea of reform of Horace Mann Spoils Systemelected officials reward supporters with jobs Jacksonian Democracy beliefthat all white males are created equal, regardless of wealth Abolitionmovement to end slavery in the US Second Great Awakeningmajor religious revival of the 1790s Seneca Falls Convention convention of women’s rights supporters Complete the sentences using the word bank. Fugitive Slave Actstrengthen by Compromise of 1850 Dred ScottSupreme Court said “You are property, not a citizen, therefore you have no right to sue for freedom, even if you did live in a free territory.” (paraphrased) Mexican-American Warconflict that occurred mainly due to manifest destiny as Pres. Polk wanted more territory in the west Sectionalismfeeling of superiority in your region and focusing on the specific needs of that region over national concerns Missouri Compromise Agreementthat let Maine enter the Union as a free state and Missouri as a slave state; suggested by Henry Clay and occurred in 1820 Nat Turner's Rebellionslave uprising led by a slave preacher in 1831; led to slave codes and increasing tension between abolitionists and slave owners Raid on Harper's Ferry Led by John Brown; attempt to take federal arsenal and arm slaves with weapons; failed but contributed to increasing tension between abolitionists and slave owners Kansas-Nebraska ActPassed in 1854; decision to let two new territories use popular sovereignty to decide between free and slave status; resulted in conflict Nullification idea proposed by John C. Calhoun stated that states have the right to ignore or overturn federal laws which with they do not agree Slave Codes rigid laws that controlled the freedom of slaves to own firearms, consume alcohol, and hold prayer meetings Popular Sovereignty this concept was proposed to allow the people of new territories to vote on whether they would be free or slave states Nullification Crisisthis occurred when South Carolina disliked a federal tariff; Henry Clay proposed a solution by suggesting that the tariff remain but decrease over time Compromise of 1850the last of Henry Clay’s solutions, this one had five components, including California entering the Union as a free state and the banning of the slave trade in Washington, D.C. States' Rights an idea that suggested that each state should individually be able to decide for itself whether it would or would not have slavery; the true issue of the Civil War Complete the sentences using the word bank. March to the Seacarried out by William T. Sherman; helped Lincoln win the 1864 election; destroyed what little industry and railroads the South had Fort Sumterthe battle that began the CW when the Confederacy attacked VicksburgJuly 1863, the day after Gettysburg; the Union gained control of the Mississippi River and split the Confederacy in two GettysburgJuly 1863, ended Confederate hopes of invading the North; the Union held the higher groundHabeas Corpus refers to a process that determines if a prisoner is being held legally; Lincoln suspended it in order to jail Confederate sympathizers in the North Atlanta July1864; again the Union held the higher ground Appomattox Courthouse April 1865, Lee surrendered to Grant, ending the Civil War Secessionthe process of a state withdrawing from membership in a nation Confederacy the Southern, pro-slavery, pro- states’ rights group Union the Northern, abolitionist, pro-union group Civil War a conflict between two groups of states, primarily over the issue of states’ rights but provoked by westward expansion and the issue of slavery spreading Election of 1860 event that led to the secession of SC and other Southern states Complete the sentences using the word bank. Emancipation Proclamationended slavery in the Confederacy Jan. 1, 1863 Presidential ReconstructionPresident Johnson’s plan for bringing the Southern states back into the Union; failed because Southern states did not fulfill requirements Morehouse Collegeone of many institutions founded to educate newly-freed men Impeachment theprocess of putting the president on trial; removal from office only occurs with a guilty verdict (has never happened) Radical Reconstructionthe harsh plan that divided the South into military districts, was successful but left resentment in the South13th Amendmentabolished slavery nation-wide Black Codeslaws put into place in the South to control oppress blacks 14th Amendmentmade blacks citizens and promised equal protection under the law Jim Crow Lawslaws put into place that would ultimately lead to the Plessy v. Ferguson ruling, later overturned by Brown v. Board of Education KKKwhite supremacist group that terrorized African Americans, Jews, Catholics, and any supporters of those or other minority groups 15th Amendmentgave African American men the right to vote; despite this, Jim Crow laws and black codes kept African Americans in the South from votingFreedmen's Bureauorganization intended to provide African Americans with education, health care, food, clothing, shelter, etc. after the Civil War Plessy v. Ferguson1896 Supreme Court case that allowed “Separate but Equal” facilities for whites and African Americans; affirmed segregation until the Civil Right movement Reconstruction period of rebuilding the South after the Civil War; ended in 1877 with the Compromise of 1877 making Rutherford B. Hayes president Complete the sentences using the word bank. W.E.B. DuBoisfounder of the NAACP; believed blacks should seize their rights Ida Tarbellmuckraker who wrote about Rockefeller and Standard Oil Sitting Bull killedat Wounded Knee; last significant Native American uprising Teddy Rooseveltfought in Spanish-American war with Rough Riders; known for Meat Inspection Act, Pure Food and Drug Act, the Panama Canal, and adding to the Monroe Doctrine Jane Addamsprogressive who founded Hull House Thomas Edisoninvented light bulbs, record player, motion pictures William McKinleypresident during the Spanish-American WarUpton Sinclairmuckraker author of “The Jungle,” researched meat-packing industry Andrew Carnegierobber baron known for use of vertical horizontal integration John D. Rockefeller formedone of the nation’s first trusts Irish Immigrants entered at Ellis Island; built railroads Chinese Immigrants entered at Angel Island; built railroads Complete the sentences using the word bank. Muckrakerjournalists who published sensationalized articles revealing corrupt businesses or government practices 17th Amendmentdirect election of US senators; previously selected by state legislatures Conservation TeddyRoosevelt’s movement establishing national parks Jim Crow Lawslaws that controlled and oppressed African Americans Spanish-American Wara conflict causes by American concerns about investments in sugar plantations, the explosion of the U.S.S. Maine, and yellow journalismPanama Canalbuilt after the US facilitated an uprising in Colombia, made travel from the East Coast to the West Coast much faster Pullman Strikefirst time the US government supported a union instead of the business owners Imperialismstrong nations take over or exploit weaker nations; usually driven by a need for raw materials and new economic markets Chinese Exclusion Act exampleof American nativism; set limits on immigration Monopolieswhen a company eliminates all competition, they control prices; Standard Oil is an example Initiative citizenssuggest legislation by using petitions Treaty of Paris (1898) endedthe Spanish American War; gave Cuba its independence; the US got the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam Ellis Islandin New York Harbor; where European immigrants were most likely to enter the USRobber Baronsbusiness owners who became wealthy while mistreating workers and taking advantage of consumers "The Jungle" publication by Upton Sinclair; revealed the unsanitary conditions of the meatpacking industry Complete the sentences using the word bank. Railroadsresulted in new towns across the Great Plains; led to the near- extinction of the buffaloTrustsa group of companies in the same business work together to control the market and pricesAngel Island off the coast of California; Asian immigrants were most likely to enter the US here Referendum avote on legislation proposed through initiative Hull Housea settlement house founded by Jane Addams; intended to help poor immigrants with health care, educationNAACPfounded by W.E.B. du Bois; fought for civil rights Carnegie Steel companyknown for developing monopolies through vertical and horizontal integrationTranscontinental Railroadcompleted in 1869 at Promontory Point; reached from the East coast to the West Coast Progressivesgroup of reformers who believed in improving society through education, reform, and other means AFLfounded by Samuel Gompers; first major union in the US Recalla reform allowing voters to fire an elected official before his or her term is over; special election held where official has to defend his or her position against new candidates Standard Oil thenation’s first trust Plessy v. Ferguson SupremeCourt said “Separate but equal is acceptable,” allowed segregation, overthrown in 1954 by Brown v. BOE Roosevelt Corollaryaddition to the Monroe Doctrine; said that if the US could get involved if Latin American nations needed help with debt to European nationsBig Business companies concerned with making money; often workers and consumers suffered as a result Complete the sentences using the word bank. Henry Fordknown for introducing the assembly line and mass production Adolf Hitler fascist leader of Germany; part of Axis powersHuey Longassassinated American who criticized the New Deal for not doing enough to help Americans Eugene DebsLabor leader and socialist; one of the people jailed under the Espionage and Sedition Acts between the world wars Herbert Hoover Republican president often blamed for the Great Depression Harry Truman President known for ending World War II with the controversial decision to drop the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki; late involved in the beginning of the Cold War Benito Mussolini Fascist leader of Italy during World War II; part of Axis powers Eleanor Roosevelt known for her activism regarding women’s rights and civil rights Woodrow Wilson proposed Fourteen Points and League of Nations; failed to get Senate approval for either; failed to lead Senate to ratify Treaty of Versailles Hideki Tojofascist leader of Japan; part of Axis powers Joseph Stalin Communist leader during World War II, began establishment of Soviet Union FDR President during Great Depression, credited with New Deal, lead US into World War II Complete the sentences using the word bank. Red Scarefear or paranoia about Communist spies or invasions in the U.S. League of Nationsorganization intended to prevent further world wars by working out conflicts; failed due to Senate refusal to let US join; proposed by Point #14 Great Migrationpattern of African Americans moving from share-cropping in the South to factory jobs in the North as white men left to fight in WWI Fourteen Pointsplan for peace suggested by Woodrow Wilson after World War I; was rejected by the US Senate Unrestricted Submarine Warfare pattern of sinking any and all enemy ships, even though carrying civilians; practiced by Germany during World War I; one of the reasons that the US got involved Espionage Actsintended to make it easier to jail suspected spies or traitors; typically used to jail socialists, labor leaders, or immigrants Zimmerman Telegram 1917 invitation from Germany to Mexico suggesting Mexican invasion of the US; led to US declaration of war against Germany Allied Powerincluded England, France, Russia, and later the USTreaty of Versailles ended World War I but set the stage for World War II by blaming Germany, closing Germany’s industry down (which hurt the Germany economy), and requiring millions of dollars of reparations from Germany to the Allied victors Nativism attitude of superiority; native-born Americans believed themselves superior to immigrants Complete the sentences using the word bank. October 29, 1929the date of the stock market crash, beginning the Great Depression Hoovervillestowns homeless people built during the Great Depression;Dust Bowl caused by drought, dust storms, and over-farming; resulted in many farmers losing their farmers and moving to CaliforniaTVANew Deal program that provided electricity and jobs in the South Radiocontributed to the rise of popular culture Overproductionfrom a production point of view, making too muchHarlem Renaissance a movement of African American art, literature, and music 19th Amendmentgave women the right to vote in 1920 Wagner Act New Deal program that forced companies to allow unionization in Black Tuesdaynickname for Oct. 29, 1929 Buying on Marginborrowing $ from the bank to buy stock; one of the causes of the Great Depression Under consumption from a consumer point of view, not buying enough Social Security (SSA) the only New Deal program still in existence; influenced the US more than any other New Deal program 18th Amendment made alcohol illegal Assembly Line process for manufacturing goods; each worker does the same job over and over; innovation by Henry Ford Complete the sentences using the word bank. Great Depressionperiod of economic hardship in the US in the 1930’s; New Dealprogram of direct relief put into place by FDR Prohibitionperiod of 18th Amendment; only lasted 13 years Manhattan Projectcode name for scientists who developed the atomic bomb RationingGov. limited how much people could buy of certain products Rosie the Riveterrefers to the increase in number of women working in factories Pearl HarborDecember 7, 1941; reason the US got involved in WWII Lend-Lease Programallowed the US to rent supplies to the Allied Powers in WWIIAxis Powersincluded Germany, Japan, and Italy Island Hoppingcampaign of moving from island to island in the Pacific theater; Internment CampJapanese Americans held in custody of government in camps D-Day June6, 1944; Invasion of Normandy Battle of Midway first US victory in Pacific Theater Victory Gardens civilians growing their own food; connected to rationing Neutrality Acts FDR’s plan to practice isolationism Fall of Berlinended with Hitler’s death Allied Powers included Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the US Hiroshima Nagasaki locations of atomic bomb drops Complete the sentences using the word bank. George W. Bushbecame president due to the decision of the Supreme Court in 2000 election; began War on Terror after 9 Fordonly president to never run for VP or President; took office ager Spiro Agnew and Richard Nixon both resigned due to scandal JFKassassinated in 1963, president during Cuban Missile Crisis; put in motion Civil Rights Act and Voting Rights Act Harry Trumanpresident who officially integrated the military; partly motivated by the Cold War and criticism from the Soviet Union Betty Friedanwomen’s liberation leader, author of “The Feminine Mystique” Lyndon B. Johnson president credited with the Civil Rights Act, Voting Rights Act, and the Great Society ProgramsJoseph McCarthy Senator known for accusing people of communist beliefs; now associated with paranoia and hysteria Cesar Chavezfounded the United Farm Workers movement for better treatment of workers in the agriculture industry Rachel Carson author of “Silent Spring;” founder of the environmental movement Earl WarrenSupreme Court justice who led Court during era of court cases that gave more protections to people accused of crimes as well as cases about racial discrimination Robert F. Kennedyfive years after his brother’s assassination, this presidential candidate’s assassination was one of the many upheavals of 1968.Jimmy Carter known for his failure to end the Iran Hostage Crisis; admired for his work with the Camp David Peace Accords Richard Nixonresigned before he could be impeached as a result of Watergate; successful foreign policy included first presidential visit to ChinaMartin Luther King Jr. member of SCLC, encouraged peaceful protest and civil disobedience as part of Civil Rights movement; assassination was part of chaotic 1968Ronald Reagan credited with successful economic program of expanding military; credited with ending the Cold War with diplomacy and an arms race; presidency shadowed by Iran Contra ScandalBill Clinton second president ever impeached but acquitted; known for successful NAFTA deal and balanced budget Complete the sentences using the word bank. Bay of Pigsfailed invasion by US; attempt to overthrow Cuban leader Castro Cold Warperiod of tension between capitalist Western nations and Communist Eastern nations; long-term fear of nuclear war Containment US attitude focusing on preventing spread of Communism Truman DoctrineUS economic plan to help Europe rebuild after WWII; intended to prevent war-torn nations from taking help from Communist nations Viet CongCommunist rebel group in South Vietnam who fought American troops Tet Offensive North Vietnam attack that boosted N. Vietnamese morale; made Americans question involvement in Vietnam Marshall PlanAmerican offer of assistance to any nation fighting communismCuban Missile Crisis13 day period of possible World War III due to presence of Soviet weapons near US soil; solved by USSR leader Khrushchev Korean War conflict between communist North and capitalist South; US intervention was welcomed Vietnam War conflict between communist North and capitalist South; US intervention was not wanted 38th Parallel dividing line between N. and S. Korea; De-militarized zone and Line of Demarcation somewhat follow this boundaryMcCarthyism period of hysteria and paranoia that communist spies were involved in the US government; now considered unfounded accusations and fear-mongering Complete the sentences using the word bank. Space RacePart of the Cold War; intense competition regarding space exploration between the Soviet Union and the US National Highway ActEisenhower’s contribution to the Cold War; intended to ease evacuations and movement of troops in case of attack 1960 Presidential Debatebetween JFK and Nixon; first one to be televised impacted by TV Televisionshowed Americans their presidential candidates in motion for the 1st time; showed Americans the violence committed against peaceful protesters in the CRM Levittownsnew neighborhoods of affordable housing G.I. Bills supportedreturning US soldiers with education money and loans for housing Baby Boomers generation born in late 1940s to early 1950s as soldiers returned from WWII Sputnik first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth; Soviet Union spacecraft Suburbs area surrounding cities; increasing populated due to William Levitt and cars Complete the sentences using the word bank. "Letter from a Birmingham Jail" explanationfrom MLK, Jr about the goals of the CRM promoting non-violence Sit-Ins strategy used by the SNCC at segregated restaurants; waiting for service until served or until arrested Brown v. BOE landmark Supreme Court case that ended segregation in public schools; overturned “Separate but equal” policy of Plessy v. Ferguson SNCC organization composed mainly of young African Americans; eventually would move towards more militant strategies to demand civil rights and equality "I Have a Dream Speech" deliveredby MLK, Jr. during the March on Washington, traces history of African American oppression; considered momentous event of Civil Rights movement Segregation ”separate but equal” policy put in place by Jim Crow laws codes during Reconstruction; confirmed by Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896 Civil Rights Act of 1964outlaws discrimination on basis of race, sex, color, religion, or nation of origin; began by JFK but finished by LBJ Integration all races have access to same resources, places, opportunities SCLC organization composed mainly of older African Americans and some white Americans; founded on ideas of non-violence and civil disobedience; did not radicalize Voting Rights Act of 1965 prohibits racial discrimination in regard to voting; gave federal government power to enforce 14th 15th Amendments in the South Freedom Ride strategy of SNCC; activists would travel to the South in order to hold integrated sit-ins until served in public places or arrested Civil Rights Movement common name for increased calls for equality regardless of race; primarily led by African American community leaders Complete the sentences using the word bank. NOWorganization founded to for equal rights non-discrimination against womenEPA Government organization tasked with protecting the environment1968. a year of upheaval due to assassinations of JFK, MLK and riots at the Democratic Convention"Silent Spring" publication credited with beginning the environmental movement; author Rachel Carson"The Feminine Mystique" publicationcredited with publicizing myth that women “belong” in the home; author Betty FriedanUFW organization founded to obtain better treatment for agriculture workers, especially migrant or immigrant workers; founded Cesar ChavezMedicaid program that provides health care to people living in povertyMedicare program that provides health care to retired or disabled individualsWarren Court era of Supreme Court that included several important decisions that expanded the rights of the accused or supported Civil RightsGreat Society series of programs intended to assist those living in poverty; main accomplishment of LBJ