Full Test 5 - Reading Section

This section measures your ability to understand academic passages in English.There are three passages in the section. Give yourself 20 minutes to read each passage and answer the questions about it. The entire section will take 60 minutes to complete.You may look back at a passage when answering the questions. You can skip questions and go back to them later as long as there is time remaining.Passage 1 Paragraph 1 1The word "complex" in the passage is closest in meaning to delicate elaborate rivate common 2According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of a relationship? It is a structure of associations with many people. It should be studied in the course of a social interaction. It places great demands on people. It develops gradually over time. Paragraph 2 3The word "endowing" in the passage is closest in meaning to leaving exposing providing understanding 4Which of the following can be inferred about instrumental ties from the author's mention of working with competitors in paragraph 2? Instrumental ties can develop even in situations in which people would normally not cooperate. Instrumental ties require as much emotional investment as expressive ties. Instrumental ties involve security, love, and acceptance. Instrumental ties should be expected to be significant. Paragraph 3 5According to paragraph 3, what do sociologists see as the main difference between primary and secondary groups? Primary groups consist of people working together, while secondary groups exist outside of work settings. In primary groups people are seen as means, while in secondary groups people are seen as ends. Primary groups involve personal relationships, while secondary groups are mainly practical in purpose. Primary groups are generally small, while secondary groups often contain more than two people. 6Which of the following can be inferred from the author's claim in paragraph 3 that primary group relationships sometimes evolve out of secondary group relationships? Secondary group relationships begin by being primary group relationships. A secondary group relationship that is highly visible quickly becomes a primary group relationship. Sociologists believe that only primary group relationships are important to society. Even in secondary groups, frequent communication serves to bring people into close relationships. Paragraph 4 7The phrase "size up" in the passage is closest in meaning to enlarge evaluate impress accept Paragraph 5 8Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. Sociologists think that cultural patterns establish connections between the individual and the larger society. Sociologists believe that individuals with a sense of oneness bridge the gap between society and primary groups. Sociologists think primary groups contribute to social solidarity because they help maintain a society's cultural patterns. Sociologists believe that the cultural patterns that provide social solidarity arise as bridges from primary groups. 9Refer to the full passageThis passage is developed primarily by drawing comparisons between theory and practice presenting two opposing theories defining important concepts and providing examples of them discussing causes and their effects Paragraph 7 10The word "deviate" in the passage is closest in meaning to detract advance select depart 11According to paragraph 7, why would a social group use shunning? To enforce practice of the kinds of behavior acceptable to the group To discourage offending individuals from remaining in the group To commend and reward the behavior of the other members of the group To decide which behavioral norms should be passed on to the next generation Paragraph 6 12Directions: Look at the part of the passage that is displayed above. The letters (A), (B), (C), and (D) indicate where the following sentence could be added.People who do not live alone, for example, tend to make healthier life choices and develop fewer pathologies than people who live by themselves.Where would the sentence best fit? Choice A Choice B Choice C Choice D 13Directions: Complete the table below by selecting THREE answer choices that are characteristics of primary groups and TWO answer choices that are characteristics of secondary groups, there are TWO choices beloning in the NONE category Select your answer choices from the list below. Primary Groups Developing socially acceptable behavior Involving close relationships Providing meaning for life situations Secondary Groups Viewing people as a means to an end Existing for practical purposes None Working together against competitors Experiencing pressure from outside forces Passage 2Read the passage. Then answer the questions. Give yourself 20 minutes to complete this practice set. Paragraph 1 14The word "Consequently" in the passage is closest in meaning to Therefore Additionally Nevertheless Moreover 15In paragraph 1, the experiment on the fungus Neurospora is mentioned to illustrate the existence of weekly periods of activity as well as daily ones the finding of evidence that organisms have internal clocks the effect of space on the internal clocks of organisms the isolation of one part of an organism's cycle for study 16According to paragraph 1, all the following are generally assumed to be true EXCEPT: It is important for animals' daily activities to be coordinated with recurring events in their environment. Eukaryotes have internal clocks. The relationship between biological function and environmental cycles is a topic of intense research. Animals' daily rhythms are more dependent on external cues than on internal clocks. 17The word "persistent" in the passage is closest in meaning to adjusted strong enduring predicted 18The word "duration" in the passage is closest in meaning to length feature process repetition 19Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. Stability, a feature of the biological clock's period, depends on changeable factors such as temperature. A major feature of the biological clock is that its period does not change despite significant changes in the environment. A factor such as temperature is an important feature In the establishment of the biological clock's period. Biological activity is not strongly affected by changes in temperature. 20According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true about the circadian periods of animals deprived of environmental cues? They have the same length as the daily activity cycles of animals that are not deprived of such cues. They can vary significantly from day to day. They are not the same for all members of a single species. They become longer over time. 21According to paragraph 2, what will an animal experience when its internal rhythms no longer correspond with the daily cycle of the environment? Disorientation Change in period of the internal rhythms Complete reversal of day and night activities Increased sensitivity to environmental factors 22In paragraph 2, the author provides evidence for the role of biological clocks by listing the daily activities of an animal's cycle: sleeping, feeding, moving, reproducing, metabolizing, and producing enzymes and hormones describing the process of establishing the period of a biological clock presenting cases in which an animal's daily schedule remained stable despite lack of environmental cues contrasting animals whose daily schedules fluctuate with those of animals whose schedules are constant 23In paragraph 2, why does the author mention that the period for different horseshoe crabs ranges from 22.2 to 25.5 hours? To illustrate that an animal's internal clock seldom has a 24-hour cycle To argue that different horseshoe crabs will shift from daytime to nighttime vision at different times To illustrate the approximate range of the circadian rhythm of all animals To support the idea that external cues are the only factors affecting an animal's periodic behavior Paragraph 3 24The word "it" in the passage refers to an external cue such as sunrise the daily rhythm of an animal the local solar day a cycle whose period is precisely 24 hours 25The word "sustained" in the passage is closest in meaning to intense uninterrupted natural periodic Paragraph 3 26Directions: Look at the part of the passage that is displayed above. The letters (A), (B), (C), and (D) indicate where the following sentence could be added.Because the internal signals that regulate waking and going to sleep tend to align themselves with these external cues, the external clock appears to dominate the Internal clock.Where would the sentence best fit? Choice A ChoiceB Choice C Choice D 27Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. Most animals survive and reproduce successfully without coordinating their activities to external environmental rhythms. Animals have internal clocks that influence their activities even when environmental cues are absent. The circadian period of an animal's internal clock may vary slightly for different individuals but is generally quite stable for any one individual. Animals are less affected by large differences between their internal rhythms and the local solar day than are humans. Environmental cues such as a change in temperature are enough to reset an animal's clock. Because an animal's internal clock does not operate on a 24-hour cycle, environmental stimuli are needed to keep the biological day aligned with the solar day. Passage 3Read the passage. Then answer the questions. Give yourself 20 minutes to complete this practice set. Paragraph 3 28The word "uniformly" in the passage is closest in meaning to clearly quickly consistently occasionally 29Paragraph 1 indicates that researchers use indirect methods primarily to observe the range of motor activity in neonates frequency and duration of various stimuli change in an infant's state following the introduction of a stimulus range of an infant's visual field 30Why does the author mention "repetitive following movements of the eye"? To identify a response that indicates a neonate's perception of a stimulus To explain why a neonate is capable of responding to stimuli only through repetitive movements To argue that motor activity in a neonate may be random and unrelated to stimuli To emphasize that responses to stimuli vary in infants according to age Paragraph 2 31Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 2 as a problem in using the technique of direct observation? It is impossible to be certain of the actual cause of an infant's response. Infants' responses, which occur quickly and diffusely, are often difficult to measure. Infants do not respond well to stimuli presented in an unnatural laboratory setting. may be difficult for observers to agree on the presence or the degree of a response. 32The word "potent" in the passage is closest in meaning to artificial powerful common similar 33Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. Researchers using observational assessment techniques on infants must not overgeneralize and must base their conclusions on data from many studies. On the basis of the data from one or two studies, it seems that some infants develop a particular perceptual ability not observed in others. To use data from one or two studies on infants' perceptual abilities, it Is necessary to use techniques that will provide conclusive evidence. When researchers fail to make generalizations from their studies, their observed data is often inconclusive. Paragraph 3 34What is the author's primary purpose in paragraph 3? To explain why researchers must conduct more than one type of study when they are attempting to understand infant perception To describe new techniques for observing Infant perception that overcome problems identified in the previous paragraph To present and evaluate the conclusions of various studies on infant perception To point out the strengths and weaknesses of three new methods for quantifying an infant's reaction to stimuli 35The word "quantifiable" in the passage is closest In meaning to visual permanent meaningful measurable 36Paragraph 3 mentions all of the following as indications of an infant's heightened interest in a new stimulus EXCEPT an increase in sucking behavior heart rate the number of breaths taken eye movements Paragraph 4 37According to paragraph 4, which of the following leads to the conclusion that infants are able to differentiate between stimuli in a habituation-dishabituation study? Dishabituation occurs with the introduction of a new stimulus. Electrical responses in the infant's brain decline with each new stimulus. Habituation is continued with the introduction of a new stimulus. The infant displays little change in electrical brain responses. 38In paragraph 4, what does the author suggest about the way an Infant's brain perceives stimuli? An infant's potential to respond to a stimulus may be related to the size of Its brain. Changes in the electrical patterns of an infant's brain are difficult to detect. Different areas of an infant's brain respond to different types of stimuli. An infant is unable to perceive more than one stimulus at a time. Paragarph 5 39Paragraph 5 indicates that researchers who used the techniques described in the passage discovered that infants find it difficult to perceive some types of stimuli neonates of only a few days cannot yet discriminate between stimuli observational assessment is less useful for studying infant perception than researchers previously believed a neonate is able to perceive stimuli better than researchers once thought Paragraph 3 40Directions: Look at the part of the passage that is displayed above. The letters (A), (8), (C), and (D) indicate where the following sentence could be added.The repetition allows researchers to observe the infant's behavior until they reach agreement about the presence and the degree of the infant's response.Where would the sentence best fit? Choice A Choice B Choice C Choice D 41Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented In the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. Data from observational methods must be confirmed through multiple studies. Visual indicators such as turning the head, blinking the eyes, or crying remain the best evidence of an infant's perceptual abilities. New techniques for studying infant perception have improved the accuracy with which researchers observe and quantify infant responses. Pacifiers are commonly used in studies to calm an infant who has been presented with excessive stimuli. Indirect observation is most accurate when researchers use it to test auditory and olfactory perception in neonates. Sophisticated techniques that have aided new discoveries about perception in the neonate continue to be indirect measures.